Contact the Law Review 11075 East Blvd. Cleveland, Ohio 44106 Email: Phone: 216.368.3312At Case Western Reserve University School of Law, we put social justice at the heart of our mission. We work to improve the local bail bond system, reform municipal policing, prosecute international war crimes, research Innocence Project cases, address human trafficking and remedy the lead contamination crisis in our city and the nation.Employment Statistics 2020. Graduates of Case Western Reserve University School of Law can be found working in all sectors of the legal profession and in non-traditional legal roles, across the United States and overseas. The Student Services & Career Development Office works closely with students and graduates and is committed to helping them ...10/29/2024. 12/6/2024. 12/6/2024. The last day to drop/add for classes in the Dynamically Dated Session (DYN) is the day before the first day of the class. For adds or drops after that date, please contact your Registrar or Dean's Office. Enrollment Dates + Deadlines Career/Session Begin Date Last Day to Drop/Add , ,Unlike most law schools, our scholarships are not conditional upon GPA. When you receive a scholarship from our law school, it’s yours for as long as you maintain good academic standing at Case Western Reserve. Once you are admitted to our program, you will be automatically considered for our internal scholarships, which are merit based.Geronimo is a 2010 graduate of Case Western Reserve University School of Law and was a founding member and Editor-in-Chief of the Journal of Law, Technology & the Internet. Geronimo is admitted to practice in all Ohio courts, the United States District Courts for the Northern and Southern Districts of Ohio, and the United States Court of ...Others are requested by the office on a case-by-case basis as documentation of special circumstances. ... Case Western Reserve University Office of Financial Aid 10900 Euclid Ave. Cleveland, Ohio 44106-7049 Phone: 216.368.4530. Email: [email protected]. Site Feedback. CWRU ...The School of Law and the School of Medicine offer a specialized dual degree program that allows a student to complete both degrees in six years. Law students enrolled in the dual JD/MD degree program may earn up to 12 credit hours toward the JD in graduate level MD courses.To apply, please submit the following information with your electronic application. Personal Statement (limit one page explaining your interest in the program) Current Resume. Two Letters of Recommendation. Unofficial Student Transcripts (Official transcripts from all post-secondary educational institutions with notarized translations into ...SAT Scores (middle 50%) 1420-1520. Composite (superscore) 680-750. Evidence-based reading and writing. 730-790. Math.Others are requested by the office on a case-by-case basis as documentation of special circumstances. ... Case Western Reserve University Office of Financial Aid 10900 Euclid Ave. Cleveland, Ohio 44106-7049 Phone: 216.368.4530. Email: [email protected]. Site Feedback. CWRU ...Centers and Institutes. Case Western Reserve University School of Law features nationally ranked academic centers and institutes, dedicated to shaping law and policy in specialty law areas, including international, environmental, health, business, intellectual property, and public interest law. These academic centers enhance … Case Western Reserve University School of Law is located in University Circle, one of America's highest concentrations of cultural attractions and performing arts venues. Cleveland was named 15th best place to live in the U.S. in 2016 based on affordability, cultural offerings, safety and green space. With nine top-ranking specialties, Case Western Reserve University School of Law equips you for the evolving practice of law. Here, our renowned faculty will help you develop your leadership and interpersonal skills while honing your legal and research savvy. To best prepare you for your career, we emphasize experiential, practical …Click the Help button in Canvas for 24/7/365 support by Instructure (the folks who make Canvas). Send an email to [email protected] to contact the CWRU Canvas Support Team. Contact the [U]Tech Service Desk at 216.368.HELP, [email protected], or help.case.edu. Learn more about Canvas and its features with the following resources.They're top thinkers and doers who are ready to make a difference in the law field. We encourage you to schedule a visit and meet our outstanding students in person. But if you're looking for a quick overview of the class as a whole, our incoming class fall 2023 class profile includes: 167 first-year JD students. 56% women. 20% …Case Western Reserve Journal of Law, Technology & the Internet (JOLTI) is an annual student-run law journal that publishes the works of academics, practitioners, and other relevant experts on a variety of topics including intellectual property and technology law. World Literature. Study the literature of a wide variety of countries and regions through our multidisciplinary programs that emphasize contributions of past and present. BA. MA. Minor. Explore Ohio's top-ranked undergraduate, graduate and professional degree programs. Find out why Case Western Reserve is a top research university. Combine legal skills with a sophisticated understanding of biology and biochemistry with a dual Juris Doctor and Master of Science in Biochemistry from Case Western Reserve, the #53 university in the country. Offered jointly through the School of Law and the School of Medicine’s Department of Biochemistry, our four-year program—one of few ...Learn how to apply for the full-time, in-person or online JD program at CWRU School of Law, which offers a three-year curriculum, scholarships, and dual degrees. Find out …Employment Statistics 2020. Graduates of Case Western Reserve University School of Law can be found working in all sectors of the legal profession and in non-traditional legal roles, across the United States and overseas. The Student Services & Career Development Office works closely with students and graduates and is committed to helping them ...The OHIO STATE AND UNION LAW COLLEGE, commonly known as the Ohio State & Union Law School, was the largest, best known, and longest-lived of the independent day law schools in Cleveland.Prior to the formation of the Law School at Western Reserve Univ. in 1891, it was the major law school in northern Ohio and one of 2 viable law schools in …Co-Director, The Law-Medicine Center, School of Law. Sharona Hoffman joined the faculty in 1999. She is the Edgar A. Hahn Professor of Law, professor of bioethics, and co-director of the law school's Law-Medicine Center. Professor Hoffman served as associate dean for Academic Affairs from 2006–2009. She teaches Health Law courses, Employment ...Want to take the first step in learning more about undergraduate programs at Case Western Reserve University? You've come to the right place. By providing us with some basic contact details, we can provide you with information related to your areas of academic and extracurricular interest as well as keep you up to date on …Ahead of the Curve: Case Western Law's Longtime Co-Dean Talks 'Being in Two Places at Once' | Law.com. Case Western Reserve University School of Law co …SAT Scores (middle 50%) 1420-1520. Composite (superscore) 680-750. Evidence-based reading and writing. 730-790. Math. Tribute to Ruth Bader Ginsburg: Law Clerk’s Reflections. was privileged to know Ruth Bader Ginsburg for more than forty years. I was one of her earliest law clerks, and we stayed in periodic touch after that. The editors of the Case Western Reserve Law Review have invited me to provide a few personal reflections. In addition, Case Western Reserve University School of Law has a number of connections to the area, with nearly 500 alumni residing in D.C. Graduates of Case …Students in the School of Law who are not enrolled in a dual-degree program may take up to nine hours of approved courses in the other graduate and professional schools of …Students in the School of Law who are not enrolled in a dual-degree program may take up to nine hours of approved courses in the other graduate and professional schools of …In 2007, the Case Western Reserve University Law Alumni Association awarded Adler their annual "Distinguished Teacher Award." In 2018, Adler was elected to membership of the American Law Institute. Prior to joining the faculty at Case Western Reserve, Professor Adler clerked for the Honorable David B. Sentelle on the U.S. Court of Appeals for the …Case Western Law School ranks 80th in the nation, but 11th for its Health Care Law program, and 10th for its International Law program. So, while this school is considered to be lower-ranking, if you have an interest in these high-ranking programs, or would like to differentiate your resume with hands-on experience … We have one of the top Moot Court/Mock Trial Programs in the country. A recent study ranked CWRU the 8th best law school in the country in Moot Court and Mock trial success for 2022-2023. This past year, CWRU excelled at a number of prestigious national and international competitions, including: the Jessup International Law Moot Court ... In 2007, the Case Western Reserve University Law Alumni Association awarded Adler their annual "Distinguished Teacher Award." In 2018, Adler was elected to membership of the American Law Institute. Prior to joining the faculty at Case Western Reserve, Professor Adler clerked for the Honorable David B. Sentelle on the U.S. Court of Appeals for the …The Social Justice Law Center is dedicated to addressing the inequities in our legal system, hosting a pair of endowed lectures - The Dr. Maya Angelou—Professor Calvin Sharpe Interdisciplinary Lecture and the C.B. King Lecture. We have a long history of leadership in social justice, with notable alumni including famed civil rights lawyer Fred ...Through Case Western Reserve University School of Law's five law journals, you'll have the opportunity to collaborate with classmates, academics and practitioners on several …Resources for Students. As a CWRU Law student, you are what matters most. You are what makes our school special. You are the ones who are going to use the education you gain here to make our world a more just place. You come first in …Case Western is also where she met Jeff. “She could walk into a room and befriend anybody and then create relationships from, I mean she still has friends from elementary school, high school, college, the volleyball community, her professional community, our local community, our neighborhood and she can always have a …You work with clients in your first semester. You also take the basics: Criminal Law, Contract Law, Torts, Property and Civil Procedure. And you start a three-course plus capstone sequence that involves legal writing, leadership, experiential learning, advocacy skills and professionalism. Courses. Criminal Law (3 credits) Torts (4 …The OHIO STATE AND UNION LAW COLLEGE, commonly known as the Ohio State & Union Law School, was the largest, best known, and longest-lived of the independent day law schools in Cleveland.Prior to the formation of the Law School at Western Reserve Univ. in 1891, it was the major law school in northern Ohio and one of 2 viable law schools in …10/29/2024. 12/6/2024. 12/6/2024. The last day to drop/add for classes in the Dynamically Dated Session (DYN) is the day before the first day of the class. For adds or drops after that date, please contact your Registrar or Dean's Office. Enrollment Dates + Deadlines Career/Session Begin Date Last Day to Drop/Add , ,No classes (fall break) Thursday-Friday, Nov. 23-24. No classes (university closed for Thanksgiving) Monday-Wednesday, Nov. 28-30. Monday 11/27 and Tuesday 11/28 replace the days missed for Fall Break; Wednesday 11/29 replaces day missed for Labor Day (follow Monday class schedule on Wednesday, November 29) Friday, … Practical training is the key component that makes you job-ready after graduation, so we start early in your first year. Through our 1L Experience, you will visit local courts and assist clients through our brief advice clinics and associations with legal service providers in the community. In our clinics, labs, and practicums, you will work on ... They're top thinkers and doers who are ready to make a difference in the law field. We encourage you to schedule a visit and meet our outstanding students in person. But if you're looking for a quick overview of the class as a whole, our incoming class fall 2023 class profile includes: 167 first-year JD students. 56% women. 20% …Case Western Reserve Law Review Volume 64 Issue 4 Article 2 2014 Volume 64 Issue 4 (2014) Case Western Reserve Law Review Follow this and additional works at: https://scholarlycommons.law.case.edu/caselrev Part of the Law Commons …It utilizes a semester-based academic calendar. Case Western Reserve University's ranking in the 2024 edition of Best Colleges is National Universities, #53. Its tuition and fees are $62,234. Case Western Reserve University alumni in international law Celebrating 30 years: A brief history of the Frederick K. Cox International Law Center International Law Center Curriculum 10/29/2024. 12/6/2024. 12/6/2024. The last day to drop/add for classes in the Dynamically Dated Session (DYN) is the day before the first day of the class. For adds or drops after that date, please contact your Registrar or Dean's Office. Enrollment Dates + Deadlines Career/Session Begin Date Last Day to Drop/Add , ,Case Western Reserve Journal of Law, Technology & the Internet (JOLTI) is an annual peer-reviewed student-run law journal that publishes the works of academics, practitioners, and other relevant experts on a variety of topics including intellectual property and technology law. Online JD Program. In addition to our in-person program, we are proud to offer an accredited part-time, online JD program. Our innovative curriculum responds to the ever-evolving legal world and equips our students to do the same. Our emphasis on experiential learning produces graduates who are well-prepared to adapt to the rapidly changing ... Is Case Western Reserve University the best law school for you? Find out at US News. See if Case Western Reserve University is ranked and get info on programs, admission, …Learn about the JD, LLM, SJD and master's degree programs offered by the School of Law at Case Western Reserve University in Cleveland, Ohio. Explore the areas of interest, …The Social Justice Law Center is dedicated to addressing the inequities in our legal system, hosting a pair of endowed lectures - The Dr. Maya Angelou—Professor Calvin Sharpe Interdisciplinary Lecture and the C.B. King Lecture. We have a long history of leadership in social justice, with notable alumni including famed civil rights lawyer Fred ... Director, Center for Business Law, School of Law. Professor Kostritsky practiced in the banking/corporate department at Milbank Tweed Hadley and McCloy from 1980-1984 when she joined the Case Western Reserve law faculty in 1984. She holds an endowed chair, the Everett D. and Eugenia S. McCurdy Professor of Contract Law. Add to Calendar: Add to Calendar: 2024-03-01 08:45:00 2024-03-01 16:00:00 2024 Law-Med Conference: Cognitive Decline and the Law Event Description As the American population ages, a growing number of people will suffer cognitive decline. Cognitive decline may affect individuals’ ability to work, drive, … Save your Euros*. Our $4 million Cox International Law Center endowment enables us to provide grants to more than 20 students every year for their international travel and living expenses. You’re eligible for Cox grants for your first and second summer and during your third-year capstone. We want every graduate of our international law ... Want to take the first step in learning more about undergraduate programs at Case Western Reserve University? You've come to the right place. By providing us with some basic contact details, we can provide you with information related to your areas of academic and extracurricular interest as well as keep you up to date on …Ann Brennan Makes $2.5 Million Gift to Support Law Students in Honor of Late Husband, Alumnus David L. Brennan. Case Western Reserve University School of Law raises $58 million, capped off by a $10 million landmark gift from an alumnus to establish the Coleman P. Burke Center for Environmental Law. Fusion program partners with University's ...March 04, 2024. 34 years after graduating from Case Western Reserve University School of Law, the Honorable Charles Fleming, judge of the Federal District Court for the Northern District of Ohio, will be his alma mater’s 2024 graduation ceremony speaker. This year’s law school commencement will take place from 9-10:30 a.m.At Case Western Reserve University, learning and discovery are at the heart of everything we do. We offer more than 100+ undergraduate programs, about 160 graduate and professional options, and more than 145 dual-degree programs.Or you can study in one of our seven online master’s degrees or more than a dozen non …March 04, 2024. 34 years after graduating from Case Western Reserve University School of Law, the Honorable Charles Fleming, judge of the Federal District Court for the Northern District of Ohio, will be his alma mater’s 2024 graduation ceremony speaker. This year’s law school commencement will take place from 9-10:30 a.m.Applicants who have taken the GRE can log into their ETS accounts and select Case Western Reserve University School of Law as a recipient of GRE results using the …Compra Casas al mejor precio en Los Pilares, Salinas Victoria. Encuentra la mejor opción en Venta en Nuevo Leon y disfruta de todas las casas que Lamudi tiene para ti.Case Western Reserve University School of Law improved four places in the overall ranking and eight places in the International Law ranking. This year, the law school’s overall ranking was #72 (out of the 193 law schools that U.S. News ranked), moving it up four places from #76 last year.10/29/2024. 12/6/2024. 12/6/2024. The last day to drop/add for classes in the Dynamically Dated Session (DYN) is the day before the first day of the class. For adds or drops after that date, please contact your Registrar or Dean's Office. Enrollment Dates + Deadlines Career/Session Begin Date Last Day to Drop/Add , , The Ben C. Green Law Library is the 28th best academic law library in the country, according to U.S. News and World Report. Search for books, journals, media and other materials available at Case Western Reserve University libraries LLM in Intellectual Property Law. This program is best for students interested in the doctrine and policy of U.S. intellectual property law, including patents, trademarks, copyrights and trade secrets. Required Coursework: Foreign Graduate Seminar, U.S. Legal Writing and Contracts for LLMs and extensive intellectual property courses. , Funding your future. We want to make your education affordable. So at Case Western Reserve University, we evaluate all first-year applicants for several scholarships, while offering more for which you can apply. (Plus, we offer need-based aid and meet 100 percent of demonstrated need for students entering fall 2017 or …Graduate School Option. Students in the School of Law who are not enrolled in a dual-degree program may take up to nine hours of approved courses in the other graduate and professional schools of Case Western Reserve University and have such courses counted as elective credit toward the JD degree. Such coursework …Practical Training. Our curriculum is designed to give you real-world experience matched with your in-class education. Practical training is the key component that makes you job-ready after graduation, so we start early in your first year. Through our 1L Experience, you will visit local courts and assist clients through our brief advice …The 2023–2024 Student Handbook is now available online. The handbook includes the following information for students: Academic regulations, policies and procedures. The law school code of conduct. Statement of student responsibilities. Concentrations. Offices …Spangenberg Center for Law, Technology & the Arts. Under the leadership of Craig Nard, Galen J. Roush Professor of Law and director of the Spangenberg Center, we train students to represent the world's creators in technology, art, music, entertainment and business. The center provides an in-depth examination of intellectual property law while ...If contract law continues its consent focus, it will end up siding with the more powerful parties in an economic relationship. One of government’s functions is to reduce the scope of exploitation.179 Contract law’s focus on consent will produce a result in opposition to government’s goals.Resources for Students. As a CWRU Law student, you are what matters most. You are what makes our school special. You are the ones who are going to use the education you gain here to make our world a more just place. You come first in …The School of Law and the School of Medicine offer a specialized dual degree program that allows a student to complete both degrees in six years. Law students enrolled in the dual JD/MD degree program may earn up to 12 credit hours toward the JD in graduate level MD courses.Case Western Reserve Law Review Volume 64 Issue 4 Article 2 2014 Volume 64 Issue 4 (2014) Case Western Reserve Law Review Follow this and additional works at: https://scholarlycommons.law.case.edu/caselrev Part of the Law Commons …Case Western Reserve Law Review Home > Student Journals > LawReview > Vol. 71 . Volume 71 Issue 1 2020 Issue 2 2020 Issue 3 2021 Issue 4 2021 . Journal Home Masthead ... Contact the Law Review 11075 East Blvd. Cleveland, Ohio 44106 Email: Phone: 216.368.3312. Follow CWLR on Twitter: Tweets by Case Western Reserve Law …Master's Programs. With 14 degrees to choose from, our flexible master's programs enable you to earn an advanced degree in the field you want with both full-time and part-time options. As a student in the master's program, you will learn along side of our JD students with courses taught by our nationally ranked faculty. Students without a JD ...10/29/2024. 12/6/2024. 12/6/2024. The last day to drop/add for classes in the Dynamically Dated Session (DYN) is the day before the first day of the class. For adds or drops after that date, please contact your Registrar or Dean's Office. Enrollment Dates + Deadlines Career/Session Begin Date Last Day to Drop/Add , ,Case Western Reserve Journal of International Law Home > Student Journals > Journal of International Law > Vol. 51 . Volume 51 Issue 1 2019 . Journal Home ... International Law 11075 East Blvd. Cleveland, Ohio 44106 Email: Phone: 216.368.3291. rss; …Mr. Strassfeld teaches Torts, Federal Courts, Labor Law, and Legal History. He has published articles on theoretical aspects of causation in the George Washington and Fordham law reviews and on law and the Vietnam War in the Wisconsin, North Carolina, and Duke law reviews. He is coauthor of Understanding Labor Law.Compra Casas al mejor precio en Los Pilares, Salinas Victoria. Encuentra la mejor opción en Venta en Nuevo Leon y disfruta de todas las casas que Lamudi tiene para ti.All students in the PhD program in Bioethics gain interdisciplinary training in order to conceptualize, design, and conduct both normative ethical analysis and empirical research, on bioethical issues. The next PhD in Bioethics cohort will enter our program in Fall 2026. The application window opens early September 2025.Case Western Reserve University School of Law. Gund Hall. 11075 East Boulevard. Cleveland, Ohio 44106-7148. Application and Process Applicants to the LLM degree program use the online application. Admission decisions are made on a rolling basis.Mar 13, 2024 · November 02, 2023. Case Western Reserve University is launching a new program to capitalize on commercializing innovations arising from the burgeoning field of regenerative medicine. The program, which will begin this fall, is a collaboration between the School of Medicine and School of Law. Professor of Practice. School of Law. Email: [email protected]. Phone: 216.368.1673. Bryan Adamson, MA, JD David L. Brennan Chaired Professor of Law School of Law Associate Dean of Diversity School of Law Email: [email protected] ... In 2007, the Case Western Reserve University Law Alumni Association awarded Adler their annual "Distinguished Teacher Award." In 2018, Adler was elected to membership of the American Law Institute. Prior to joining the faculty at Case Western Reserve, Professor Adler clerked for the Honorable David B. Sentelle on the U.S. Court of Appeals for the … The 2023–2024 Student Handbook is now available online. The handbook includes the following information for students: Academic regulations, policies and procedures. The law school code of conduct. Statement of student responsibilities. Concentrations. Offices and services. The Student Public Interest Law Fellowship (SPILF) is a non-partisan student organization that aims to encourage students to consider careers in public interest law; to support and advocate for students who have chosen public interest careers; and to raise money to provide grants to law students who accept summer internships with public interest employers in lieu of more …Case Western Reserve Law Review Home > Student Journals > LawReview > Vol. 71 . Volume 71 Issue 1 2020 Issue 2 2020 Issue 3 2021 Issue 4 2021 . Journal Home Masthead ... Contact the Law Review 11075 East Blvd. Cleveland, Ohio 44106 Email: Phone: 216.368.3312. Follow CWLR on Twitter: Tweets by Case Western Reserve Law …
Case Western Reserve University. Case Western Reserve University is a leading national research university located in Cleveland, Ohio. Through its seven schools and college, Case Western Reserve offers top-10 programs in health law, organizational behavior and social work and top-25 programs in biomedical engineering, international law, medicine and nursing.. Garth davis
Choose your admitted student program date: Thursday, April 4 and Friday, April 5. Thursday, April 11 and Friday, April 12. Thursday, April 18 and Friday, April 19. Visitors are responsible for their own overnight accommodations. See the full calendar of events for admitted students, including daily visits and online sessions, to learn even more ... Courses are listed under subject area in alphabetical order. Click a subject area to see the full list. Courses may be listed under multiple subject areas and not all courses are offered every year., Get a view of CWRU. Case Western Reserve University offers a range of opportunities for you to get to know our campus, students, faculty and admission staff. We're excited to share a bit of Cleveland with you, here on our campus and wherever you are! Events for admitted students. There is no better way to test …Faculty. Bryan L. Adamson, JD (Case Western Reserve University), MA (Purdue University) David L. Brennan Professor of Law. Jonathan H. Adler, JD (George Mason University) Johan Verheij Memorial Professor of Law; Director of the Coleman P. Burke Center for Environmental Law. Anat Alon-Beck, JSD, LLM (Cornell University) Assistant Professor of Law.Case Western Law School ranks 80th in the nation, but 11th for its Health Care Law program, and 10th for its International Law program. So, while this school is considered to be lower-ranking, if you have an interest in these high-ranking programs, or would like to differentiate your resume with hands-on experience …Aug 24, 2023 · Article Date. August 24, 2023. The class of 2026 taking their Professionalism Oath during 1L orientation. Case Western Reserve University School of Law is thrilled to welcome the JD class of 2026 to campus. This exceptional group of individuals make up one of the most diverse and academically talented classes the law school has ever seen. Contact the Law Review 11075 East Blvd. Cleveland, Ohio 44106 Email: Phone: 216.368.3312Founded in 1892, the Franklin Thomas Backus School of Law of Case Western Reserve University is a charter member of the Association of American Law Schools and of the …Case Western Reserve Law has had solo deans in the past including Robert H. Rawson, Jr. who served from Dec. 1, 2008, to May 30, 2011; and Gary J. Simson, who served from July 1, ...Case Western Reserve Journal of International Law Home > Student Journals > Journal of International Law > Vol. 52 . Volume 52 Issue 1 2020 . Journal Home ... International Law 11075 East Blvd. Cleveland, Ohio 44106 Email: Phone: 216.368.3291. rss; …Case Western Reserve Law has had solo deans in the past including Robert H. Rawson, Jr. who served from Dec. 1, 2008, to May 30, 2011; and Gary J. Simson, who served from July 1, ...Learn how to apply for the full-time, in-person or online JD program at CWRU School of Law, which offers a three-year curriculum, scholarships, and dual degrees. Find out …CWRU Financial Aid Application Form. Photocopy of Federal Tax Return and documents (if required) to: Law School Student Financial Services Office. Case Western Reserve University. 11075 East Boulevard. Cleveland, OH 44106-7148. Contact: Tonya Phillips, Director of Student Financial Services. Phone: 216.368.3602 or 877.889.4279.Click the Help button in Canvas for 24/7/365 support by Instructure (the folks who make Canvas). Send an email to [email protected] to contact the CWRU Canvas Support Team. Contact the [U]Tech Service Desk at 216.368.HELP, [email protected], or help.case.edu. Learn more about Canvas and its features with the following resources. Master's Programs. With 14 degrees to choose from, our flexible master's programs enable you to earn an advanced degree in the field you want with both full-time and part-time options. As a student in the master's program, you will learn along side of our JD students with courses taught by our nationally ranked faculty. Students without a JD ... .